Full citation list

Primary trial and research literature

The citations below are the sources for all quantitative claims, mechanism descriptions, and trial outcome data reviewed on this site. Citations are numbered to match the inline [N] references in the research, dosage, and FAQ pages.

^[1] Dhillo WS, Chaudhri OB, Patterson M, et al. Kisspeptin-54 Stimulates the Hypothalamic-Pituitary Gonadal Axis in Human Males. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2005. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2005-1468. PMID: 16234304. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16234304/

^[2] Jayasena CN, Abbara A, Veldhuis JD, Comninos AN, et al. Increasing LH Pulsatility in Women With Hypothalamic Amenorrhoea Using Intravenous Infusion of Kisspeptin-54. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2014. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-1569. PMID: 24517142. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24517142/

^[3] Jayasena CN, Abbara A, Narayanaswamy S, Comninos AN, Dhillo WS, et al. Direct comparison of the effects of intravenous kisspeptin-10, kisspeptin-54 and GnRH on gonadotrophin secretion in healthy men. Human Reproduction. 2015. DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dev143. PMID: 26089302. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26089302/

^[4] Abbara A, Jayasena CN, Christopoulos G, et al. Efficacy of Kisspeptin-54 to Trigger Oocyte Maturation in Women at High Risk of Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS) During In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) Therapy. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2015. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-2332. PMID: 26192876. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26192876/

^[5] Abbara A, Clarke S, Islam R, Prague JK, Comninos AN, Dhillo WS, et al. A second dose of kisspeptin-54 improves oocyte maturation in women at high risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome: a Phase 2 randomized controlled trial. Human Reproduction. 2017. DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dex253. PMID: 28854728. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28854728/

^[6] Mills EG, Ertl N, Wall MB, Thurston L, et al. Effects of Kisspeptin on Sexual Brain Processing and Penile Tumescence in Men With Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Network Open. 2023. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.54313. PMID: 36735255. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36735255/

^[7] Thurston L, Hunjan T, Ertl N, Wall MB, Mills EG, et al. Effects of Kisspeptin Administration in Women With Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Network Open. 2022. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.36131. PMID: 36287566. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36287566/

^[8] Comninos AN, Hansen MS, Courtney A, Choudhury S, et al. Acute Effects of Kisspeptin Administration on Bone Metabolism in Healthy Men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2022. DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac117. PMID: 35244717. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35244717/

^[9] Uenoyama Y, Nagae M, Tsuchida H, Inoue N, Tsukamura H. Role of KNDy Neurons Expressing Kisspeptin, Neurokinin B, and Dynorphin A as a GnRH Pulse Generator Controlling Mammalian Reproduction. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2021. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.724632. PMID: 34566891. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8458932/

^[10] Xie Q, Kang Y, Zhang C, Xie Y, Wang C, et al. The Role of Kisspeptin in the Control of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis and Reproduction. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2022. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.925206. PMID: 35837314. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9273750/

^[11] Tang R, Ding X, Zhu J. Kisspeptin and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2019. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00298. PMID: 31156550. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6530435/

^[12] Podfigurna A, Maciejewska-Jeske M, Meczekalski B, Genazzani AD. Kisspeptin and LH pulsatility in patients with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. Endocrine. 2020. DOI: 10.1007/s12020-020-02481-4. PMID: 32915434. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7674559/

^[13] Guzman S, Dragan M, Kwon H, de Oliveira V, Rao S, et al. Targeting hepatic kisspeptin receptor ameliorates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in a mouse model. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2022. DOI: 10.1172/JCI145889. PMID: 35349482. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9106350/

^[14] Wu HM, Chen LH, Chiu WJ, Tsai CL. Kisspeptin Regulates Cell Invasion and Migration in Endometrial Cancer. Journal of the Endocrine Society. 2024. DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvae001. PMID: 38264268. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10805434/

^[15] Tsoutsouki J, Patel B, Comninos AN, Dhillo WS, Abbara A. Kisspeptin in the Prediction of Pregnancy Complications. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2022. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.942664. PMID: 35928889. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9344876/

^[16] Velmurugan H, Mannava AS, Thangaraju P, Neelambaran K. Kisspeptin and its Current Clinical Status-A Systematic Review. Current Medicinal Chemistry. 2025. DOI: 10.2174/0109298673251224230919093656. PMID: 38265397. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38265397/

^[17] Anderson RA. Kisspeptin and neurokinin B neuroendocrine pathways in the control of human ovulation. Journal of Neuroendocrinology. 2024. DOI: 10.1111/jne.13371. PMID: 38404024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38404024/

^[18] Patel B, Koysombat K, Mills EG, Tsoutsouki J, Comninos AN, Abbara A, Dhillo WS. The Emerging Therapeutic Potential of Kisspeptin and Neurokinin B. Endocrine Reviews. 2024. DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnad023. PMID: 37467734. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37467734/

Recent 2024–2025 Studies

[Mills 2025] Mills EG, Thurston L, Yang L, Hunjan T, Phylactou M, et al. Kisspeptin Administration Stimulates Reproductive Hormones but Does Not Affect Anxiety in Humans. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2025. DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaf128. PMID: 40036336.

[Intranasal 2025] Mills EG, Silva MSB, Delli V, Decoster L, et al. Intranasal kisspeptin administration rapidly stimulates gonadotropin release in humans. eBioMedicine (The Lancet). 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2025.105689. PMID: 40215751.